Analysing Leadership In The Godfather Film Studies Essay

Analysing Leadership In The Godfather Film Studies Essay The Godfather is exciting as it was upon its release in March of 1972. The statement Ill make him an offer he cant refuse still resounds with recognition in the instant. Vito Corleone was a man of morals, principle and valor in a world sorely lacking in either. Vito Corleones first name means life, or alive, and his last means lionhearted are in every way his own man. He has made his life providing people with things denied by other people, gambling, women and justice. Throughout the film, in contrast to the morality of the Don and the corruption of the State. In the wedding scene, we begin to see the relationship between the Don and the State when Tom Hagen tells him that a senator and some of the judges had called to apologize for not being there, but that theyve all sent gifts. And late in the film, it spoke very specifically about the State when Michael said that his father is no different than any other powerful man, any man whos responsible for other people, like a senator or a president. The Don is violent but not corrupt. He cannot be bought and used violence with great restraint. He approaches directly and honestly. In the film, Don is the most principled man. He rejected to participate in the drug business since it would be wrong on moral grounds even at the risk of his own life. Family, friends and integrity are far more important than mere money. The Godfather; the main character is a man who is strong, brave and highly principled to defy the power of the State. (A) Provide a synopsis of the movie relating to aspects of leadership. The storyline Guests were gathered for the wedding reception of Don Vito Corleones daughter Connie and Carlo Rizzi in 1945. Vito is known to friends and associates as Godfather. He and familys lawyer and counselor, Tom Hagen are hearing wishes for special treatment because it is tradition that a Sicilian cannot refuse a request on his daughters wedding day. The Dons youngest son Michael an adorned Marine war hero attempted to tell his girlfriend Kay Adams about his family especially his fathers criminal living; he assures her that he is not like his family. Among the guests at the celebration is the famous singer Johnny Fontaine, Corleones godson, who has come to appeal for Vitos help in landing a movie role that will rejuvenate his declining career. Jack Woltz the head of the studio, refuses to give Fontaine the part and Hagen is sent to California to heal the problem but Woltz told him that he will never cast Fontaine in the role because Fontaine had ruined a starlet that was special to Woltz. Woltz changed his mind anyway when he wakes up early the next morning, pulled back the sheets and finds the severed head of his prized $600,000 horse, Khartoum. When Hagen returns, the family meets with Virgil Sollozzo who is backed by Tattaglia, the rival family. Don Corleone was asked to finance and give political and legal protection for the importation and distribution of heroin. Corleone refused even though he could make a huge profit. The Dons eldest son, Sonny breaks ranks during the meeting. Don Corleone was angry at Sonnys disagreement in a non-family members presence, secretly reprimanded him later. Later, Don Corleone was shot down in a shooting. Tom Hagen was abducted and they used him to persuade and offer Sonny the deal offered to his father earlier. Sonny refused to think over it and issued a challenge or a war would break. They refused and instead sent Sonny Luca Brasis bulletproof vest as a sign that they had murdered him. Michael visited his father at a small private hospital. He was shocked to discover that no one was watching over him. He then realized that his father was yet again being set up to be murdered; he called Sonny for assistance; removed the Don to another room, and went to observe the entrance from outside. Michael engaged help from Enzo the baker who came to the hospital to pay his respects. Together, they managed to deceive Sollozzos men. Police cars appeared bringing the dishonest Captain McCluskey. Captain McCluskey broke Michaels jaw when Michael indirectly said that Sollozzo paid McCluskey to kill the Don. Hagen then arrived to protect Don Corleone and took Michael home. Sonny retaliated by killing Bruno Tattaglia, his son and the under-boss of Don Phillip Tattaglia. Ensuing to the attempt at the hospital on the Dons life, Sollozzo requested a meeting with the Corleones. Michael volunteered to kill both men during the meeting but the rest of the family members found it amusing but Michael persuaded them that he was serious in the killings which he feels was in the familys interest. Michael argued that McCluskey was corrupt and had illegal dealings with Sollozzo; hence he should be killed as well. Prior to the congregation in an Italian restaurant, McCluskey checked for weapons on Michael and he was clean. Michael went to the bathroom, took out a revolver and gravely shot Sollozzo then McCluskey. Michael ran and hid in Sicily. Sonny beat Carlo Rizzi for attacking the Connie who was pregnant. He threatened to kill Carlo if he battered her again. Carlo responded and plotted with Tattaglia and Don Emilio Barzini to kill Sonny. In order to ensnare Sonny, Carlo thrashed Connie again. Sonny in an enraged state drove off alone to execute his threat. He was ambushed on the way at a toll booth and shot to death in his car. In New York City, Don Corleone returned home from the hospital and was distraught to learn that Michael had killed both Sollozzo and McCluskey and that Sonny was dead. Don Corleone met with the heads of the other rival Families to bargain a ceasefire and not seek revenge for Sonnys killing. Ending the conflict was the only way to bring Michael home safely. Revenge would only drain their assets which will then threaten their survival. Vito, changing his mind on the previous decision, agreed that the Corleone family would provide political protection for the Tattaglias heroin trafficking as long as it was controlled and not sold to children. Don Corleone could figure out at the meeting that it was Don Barzini and not Tattaglia who was actually behind the gang war and Sonnys death. Michael waited patiently in Sicily for his exile to end whilst being protected by an old family friend. Michael wandered the countryside aimlessly together with the bodyguards, Carlo and Fabrizio. Michael met and fell in love with Apollonia Vitelli, the beautiful daughter of a bar owner in the village. They got married but Corleones enemies were soon aware of Michaels presence. Apollonia was killed as the couple was about to be shifted to a safer place when their car was bombed; Michael barely got away alive but spotted Fabrizio leaving the grounds hastily seconds prior to the explosion hence incriminating him in the murder plot. Michael returned home when his safety was guaranteed. A year later, he met up with his former girlfriend Kay after four years. He proposed to her and Kay accepted although she was hurt that it took him so long to contact her. With the Don semi-retired, Sonny dead and the middle brother Fredo deemed incompetent to run the family business, Michael was put in charge. He promised Kay he would legitimize the family business completely in the next five years. Peter Clemenza and Salvatore Tessio are the Corleone Familys two captains who complained that they were being shoved around by the Barzini Family and asked for consent to strike back but Michael rejected the appeal. He planned to shift the familys operations to Nevada and soon after Clemenza and Tessio may sever and form their own families. Michael promised Connies husband, Carlo, that he would be his senior man in Nevada. Tom Hagen was removed and became the familys lawyer only; with Vito serving as the consigliere. Hagen complained about his status change and questioned Michael on the new command of soldiers being secretly built under Rocco Lampone but Don Vito explained that Michael was being advised by him. Michael met with the casino boss Moe Greene in Las Vegas. Michael was rejected rudely when he offered to take over Greene. He believed the Corleones were fragile and that he could obtain a better pact from Barzini. Fredo sided with Moe when Moe and Michael were negotiating intensely. Later, Michael cautioned Fredo to never again go against the family. When Michael returned home, Vito told him his expectation that the Familys enemies would attempt to execute Michael by using a trusted link to collaborate a meeting on a ploy for assassination. Vito never meant for Michael to lead a life of crime and hoped that his youngest son would hold a lawful power as a government officer. Soon after, Vito crumpled and died in his tomato garden whilst playing with his grandson Anthony. Tessio suggested meeting with Barzini at the burial which made Tessio as the defector that Vito was anticipating. Michael organized a series of murders while he became the godfather to Connie and Carlos newborn son at the church to happen at the same time. Don Stracci: shot down together with his men in a lift. Moe Greene: was shot in the eye by an unidentified assassin while being massaged. Don Cuneo: shot dead by Willi Cicci: while trapped in a revolving door and Don Tattaglia: murdered in his bed by Rocco Lampone and an anonymous associate. Don Barzini: was shot along with his bodyguard and driver, by Al Neri, disguised in his old police uniform. After the baptism, Tessio thought he was on the way with Hagen to the meeting between Michael and Barzini which he had arranged. He was however circled by Willi Cicci and other hired men instead as Hagen moved away. Tessio realized that Michael had discovered his treachery. He told Hagen that he had always revered Michael, and that his disloyalty was for business only. He asked Tom to release him for old times sake, but Tom could not do so. In the mean time, Michael faced Carlo about Sonnys murder and compelled him to admit his involvement in the ambush. Michael assured Carlo he would not be killed, but excluded from all family business. He gave Carlo a plane ticket to banish himself to Las Vegas. Nonetheless, he was killed on Michaels orders by Clemenza, while getting into the car which was headed for the airport. A frantic Connie confronted Michael and accused him of killing Carlo. Kay questioned Michael about Connies charge but he declined to respond, telling her again never to question about his business. She persisted and Michael lied; assuring her that he did not know and has no part in Carlos death. Kay believed him and was felt relieved. Clemenza and the new captains Rocco Lampone and Al Neri pay their respects to Michael. Clemenza bowed to Michael greeted him as Don Corleone. Michael became the new Godfather. Who is or are the leader/s in the movie Vito Corleone, Sonny Corleone, Michael Corleone The leader/s role in the movie Negotiating, Discussing, Delegating and Instructing (B) Explain the context for each incident relating to leadership aspects in the synopsis. Incidents within the movie involving the leader/s (1) Don Corleone telling Johnny Fontaine that he would help him to be the star in the movie by offering Jack Woltz something that he cant refuse. Leadership in solving problems. (2) Sollozzo had asked Don Corleone to finance and give political and legal protection for the distribution of heroin but Corleone refused even if he could make huge profits saying that his political influence would be in jeopardy by a moving into the narcotics business. Leadership in being responsible to ensure the safety of others. (3) When Sonny who had earlier advocated the family to enter the drug trade broke ranks during the meeting, his father, angry at Sonnys rebellion in a non-family members presence, reprimanded him privately later. Leadership in solving matters/rebuking subordinates not in front of external parties. (4) Michael visited his dad at the hospital and became suspicious when there was no one guarding the Don. He realized that there was yet another murder being set up and he called Sonny for help and removed the Don to another room. Michael enlisted aid from Enzo the baker who had gone to the hospital to give his respects. Together, they managed to deceive the killers. Leadership in recognizing a situation and deciding to solve them. (5) Upon the an assassination attempt on Don Corleone at the hospital, Sonny retaliated by killing Bruno Tattaglia, son and the under-boss of Don Phillip Tattaglia. Leadership in taking the responsibility to solve the problems themselves. (6) When Don Corleone came home from the hospital; found out that Michael had killed both Sollozzo and McCluskey and Sonnys death, Don Corleone met with the heads of the rival families to confer a ceasefire instead of seeking revenge for Sonnys killing. Ending the conflict was the only way to bring Michael home safely. Revenge would exhaust their assets and threaten their survival. Vito agreed that the Corleone family would provide political protection for the Tattaglias heroin trafficking as long as it was restricted and not sold to children. Leadership in recognizing and finding an amicable way to solve the problems. (7) Sonny severely beat Carlo Rizzi for viciously attacking the pregnant Connie, and threatened to kill him if he ever battered her again. Leadership in taking the lead and meting out the punishment. Incidents and the leader/s interaction within the context of the movie (1) Johnny Fontaine, Corleones godson came from Hollywood to lobby Vitos help in getting a movie role to revive his failing career. Jack Woltz, refused to give Fontaine the part. Don Corleone t Hagen to discuss with Woltz and assured Fontaine he would get the role. (2) Don Corleone was asked to finance and give political legal protection for distributing heroin. Even with a huge profit to be made, Corleone refused. (3) Sonny who had urged the family to enter the drug trade broke ranks during the meeting between Sollozzo and the Corleone Family. The Don, angry at Sonnys disagreement in a non-family members presence, secretly admonished him later. (4) Michael asked for help from Enzo the baker who had gone to the hospital to give his respects. Together, they managed to deceive Sollozzos men. Hagen then arrived with guns to protect Don Corleone and took Michael home. Sonny retaliated by killing Bruno, the son and Don Phillip Tattaglia (5) Michael wanted to kill both men during the meeting and he persuaded them that he was serious on the killings. (6) McCluskey searched Michael for weapons before the meeting in an Italian restaurant, and did not find any weapons. Michael excused himself to go to the bathroom where he got back a revolver and upon coming to the table, seriously shot and killed Sollozzo followed by McCluskey. (7) Sonny beat Carlo Rizzi for viciously attacking the Connie, and told him he would kill him if he ever mistreated her again. Angry Carlo then plotted with Tattaglia and Don Emilio Barzini, the Corleones head rivals, to kill Sonny. Carlo thrashed Connie again in order to trap Sonny. In an angry state, Sonny drove off alone to execute his warning. He was ensnared on the way at a toll booth and shot to death in his car. (8) Don Corleone met with the heads of the rival families to discuss on a ceasefire and not seek revenge for Sonnys killing. Ending the conflict was the only way to bring Michael home safely. (9) The Don is now semi-retired, Sonny dead and brother Fredo deemed incompetent to run the family business, Michael was put in charge. He promised Kay he would legitimize the family business completely within five years. (10) Michael promised Carlo that he would be his lead man in Nevada. Hagen was removed as the consigliere and became the familys lawyer only; with Vito serving as the consigliere. (11) Vito Corleone explained to Hagen that Michael was being guided by him. (12) Fredo sided with Moe during the intense negotiation. Michael cautioned Fredo never to take sides with anyone other than the family again. (13) Vito told Michael that he expected the Familys enemies would try to kill Michael by using a link to collaborate a meeting on a pretext for murder. (14) Michael organized a series of murders while attending the baptism of Connie and Carlos newly born son at the church to happen at the same time. Don Stracci: shot down together with his men in a lift by Clemenza. Moe Greene: shot through the eye by an unidentified assassin while being massaged. Don Cuneo: shot dead by Willi Cicci while trapped in a revolving door and Don Tattaglia: murdered in his bed along by Rocco Lampone and an anonymous associate. Don Barzini: shot along with his bodyguard and driver by Al Neri in his old police uniform. (15) Michael faced Carlo about Sonnys murder and compelled him to admit his involvement in the ambush. Michael assured Carlo he would not be killed but excluded from all the familys businesses. He gave Carlo a plane ticket to banish himself to Las Vegas. (16) Connie confronted Michael and accused him of killing Carlo. Kay questioned Michael about Connies charge but he declined to respond, telling her again never to query him about the business. She persisted and Michael lied; assuring her that he played no role in Carlos death. Kay understood him and was relieved. Know your leader/s behavior and characteristics Leadership is behavior of an individual when he is directing the activities of a group towards a shared goal. A leader is someone who sets direction in an effort to influence people to follow that direction. (C) Describe and discuss why the leadership behavior was effective or ineffective Leadership behaviors like task oriented; relations oriented; participative leadership (1) Sonny could keep things as they were but he was unable to make certain situation better. He was not able to make wise decision and always acted rashly. For example when his sister was attacked for the second time. He did not think things through and rushed off alone. As a result, he got himself killed. Sonny was not innovative. He needed someone else to make decision for him and for him to carry things out. He was able to sustain but could not improve them. (Ineffective) (2) Vito Corleone possessed the traits of a leader which were effective. He made decisions which he thinks is the best for the family regardless if the others are not in agreement with him. As a leader, he showed that he was thinking of the long term future. For example when he refused to cooperate with Tattaglia on the heroin trafficking. He was thinking of the familys future ethics and values. (Effective) (3) Michael made the proposal to kill the police chief and head rival. He put the police chiefs motives in the newspaper to control the damage. He removed Hagen as the familys chief advisor since Hagen was always protesting against the way Michael made his decisions. (Effective) Change agent capabilities (1) Sonny was not able to grasp changes and improve them. He could manage to make wise decisions and needed others to decide for him. He could only sustain whatever was at hand. Sonny was more of a manager who could maintain things. (2) Vito Corleone was a leader who would adopt changes for the family even if the others are not in sync with his decisions. He has the leadership traits in him to lead the family well into the future. He forethought what would be in the best interest for the family in the next ten years rather than short term. (3) Michael many changes and ideas to make the Familys business legal in five years as he promised Kay before he married her. He proposed on the new idea to kill the corrupt police chief who was working with the familys rival even though others were amused by his suggestion. He removed Hagen from the advisor role when Hagen was always criticizing and questioning his new ideas. Able to support, able to develop new ideas and recognizing achievement (1) Sonnys style of leadership was ineffective because even though he was able to support new ideas, he was not able to develop the ideas to make them better. He could not make wise decision for the family. He did not think situations thoroughly and would just rush off when there was family crisis. He was not inventive and did not have a thought process of a leader. He could achieve when decisions were made for him. He would exclude other people or matters involved when tackling the problems or issues. He could sustain the situations or conditions but could not improve or make the better. (2) Vito Corleone style of leadership was effective because he could adopt and adapt to new changes or ideas. He was not a person who would just maintain a situation. He would create new improvements in order to achieve his goals. When he was asked by Tattaglia to help in the drug trafficking business, he refused even though he knew it would be benefit the Family greatly. He envisioned the future and hence rejected to cooperate in the business. Even when Sonny rebuked and sided with the other party, he tolerated the outburst but stayed true to his decision. He showed his leadership in adopting changes well after the killings and death of Sonny from his earlier refusal to assist. Upon his hospitalization and many attempts to assassinate him, he relinquished his role as the Don and became an advisor to Michael in the running and leading of the Familys business. He was ethical and declined to get involved in unnecessary killings especially when the younger generations are concerned. (3) Michael Corleones style of leadership was effective because he was working towards improving the familys business and making it better. He promised Kay he would legitimize the business in five years and he tried hard to ensure that it happened. He made the proposal to kill the police chief and head rival and later spread the police chiefs actual motives in the newspapers as a measure to control the damage. Hagen who was a great manager of the familys business could not understand Michaels new ideas and thoughts protested. In response to Hagens actions, Michael relegated his advisor position in the family to just family lawyer despite Hagens complains. Michael was able to achieve his goals working with subordinates who are willing to cooperate and follow his lead. He was able to lead and manage the family to greater success and made himself renown and respected by his rivals. (D) Identify and explain at least two different incidents involving the same leader(s). If the incidents involve two individuals or a group making a decision, leadership behavior by the different individuals can be identified. Executive summary of the two different selected incidents In the opening scene when a funeral director explained to Don Corleone about the men who had beaten and mutilated his daughter got deferred sentences and how the State buffed him the justice which he thought he deserved. He went to see Don Corleone seeking fairness and initially had wanted to ask Corleone to kill them but the Don said out that would not be justified because the daughter was still alive. Bonasera tried to bribe him with money but Corleone was above that. The only price to him for supplying justice was friendship because some day, he would call upon Bonasera to do a service for him. He refused to do murder for money for Bonasera because that would not be justice. (2) The Don was not corrupt but violent. Even though he bought politicians, he himself could not be bought. He used violence but he is not evil. He refused to acquiesce to the State. He used this violence with restraint. The same thing happened with the movie director. The Don first offered friendship to do some specific services; that is making his godson as the star in his new movie but the director refused reasons and in the end woke up with a dead horses head in his bed. The Dons approach was direct and honest. He was the most principled man in the film. He refused to kill in the Bonaseras case because that would not be fair and he declined to take part in Sollozzos drug business, because that would be wrong. He told Sollozzo that drugs were a dirty business. It did not make any difference to him what people do for a living but the drug business is dangerous. Making decision within team, group and individual setting (1) The family met with Virgil Sollozzo who asked Don Corleone for financing, political and legal backings in importing and distributing the heroin. Corleone refused despite knowing the huge profit that could be made explaining that his political pressure would be compromised by going into the drug trade. The Dons eldest son Sonny, who had earlier supported the family to enter the drugs trade, broke ranks in the meeting and queried Sollozzos assurances and guarantees as to the Corleone Familys investment by the Tattaglia Family. Don Corleone was angry at Sonnys opposition in a non-family members presence, reproached him later in private. Don Corleone then sent Luca Brasi to penetrate Sollozzos organization and revert with information. Brasi was stabbed in the hand and subsequently garroted by an assassin. (2) Michael went to visit his father at the private hospital. He was alarmed to find out that no one was watching over him. He then realized that his father was yet again being set up to be murdered; hence he called Sonny for assistance; removed the Don to another room, and went to observe the entrance from outside. Michael engaged help from Enzo the baker who had gone to the hospital to give his respects. Together, they managed to deceive Sollozzos men. Police cars appeared bringing the corrupt Captain McCluskey. Captain McCluskey hit and broke Michaels jaw when Michael implied that Sollozzo paid McCluskey to net Vito Corleone. Hagen arrived with licensed guns to protect Don Corleone and took Michael home. In retaliation, Sonny killed Bruno Tattaglia, son and the under-boss of Don Phillip Tattaglia. Charismatic and transformational roles (1) Vito Corleones first name meant life, and his last name meant a man with a lions heart and who was in every way his own person. He said to his son Michael in the film, I refused to be a fool dancing on a rope held by all those people and he has made his life providing people with things that those people had deprived them of among them gambling, women and justice. (2) Michael waited patiently in Sicily for his exile to end whilst protected by an old family friend. Michael roamed the countryside aimlessly together with the bodyguards, Carlo and Fabrizio Michael fell in love with Apollonia Vitelli, the beautiful daughter of a bar owner in the small village. They got married but Corleones enemies were soon aware of Michaels presence. Apollonia was killed as the couple was about to be shifted to a safer place when their car was bombed; Michael barely got away alive but spotted Fabrizio leaving the grounds hastily seconds prior to the explosion hence incriminating him in the murder plot. Michael returned home when his safety was guaranteed. A year later, he met up with his former girlfriend Kay. He wanted to marry her and Kay accepted his proposal although it took him so long to contact her. The Don who was semi-retired; Sonny dead and the middle brother Fredo deemed incompetent to run the family business, Michael was put in charge. He promised Kay he would legitimize the family business completely in the next five years. Peter Clemenza and Salvatore Tessio, the Corleone Familys captains were not happy being shoved around by the Barzini Family and asked for consent to strike back but Michael rejected the appeal. He planned to shift the familys operations to Nevada and soon after Clemenza and Tessio may sever and form their own families. Michael promised Connies husband, Carlo, that he would be his lead man in Nevada. Hagen was removed as the consigliere and became the familys lawyer only; with Vito serving as the consigliere. In private, Hagen complained about his status change and questioned Michael on the new command of defense force being secretly cultivated under Rocco Lampone. Don Vito explained that Michael was being advised by him. Michael met with the Moe Greene in Las Vegas. Michael was rejected rudely when he offered to take over the casino. Greene believed the Corleones were fragile and that he could obtain a better pact from Barzini. Fredo sided with Moe when Moe and Michael were negotiating intensely. Later, Michael cautioned Fredo to never anyone against the family ever again. When Michael came home, Vito explained that the familys enemies would endeavor to execute Michael by using a trusted link to collaborate a meeting on a ruse for assassination. Vito also said that he had never meant for Michael to lead a life of crime and hoped that his youngest son would hold a legitimate government office. Soon after, Vito crumpled and died in his tomato garden. Michael then arranged for a sequence of murders to take place at the same time while he was attending Connie and Carlos newborn sons baptism at the church. Critically analyze each of the two or more incidents and consider other options the leader (s) could have considered and made (30%) Participative leadership, delegation and empowerment (1) Sonny could have delegated the task of killing or teaching his sisters to his men instead of rushing off alone to handle the crisis. His death caused the family to be in a worse situation then before. (2) Michael could have been taken seriously by the other family members when he suggested killing the police chief and head rival. He should have participated earlier in the familys activities and not only after his father had assassination attempts made upon him. It could have saved Sonnys life if Michael was around to make decisions. Don Corleone should have foreseen Michaels capabilities and empower him to take the lead in the family. Power and influence Vito Corleone was a strong man; sufficiently brave and principled enough to stand up to challenge the power of the State. The type of man we all wished to be and emulate. Vito Corleones family, friends and integrity were far more important than money. Managerial traits and skills Sonny was not able to make wise decisions for his family. He has no clear thought process. For example when his sister was attacked by the husband for the second time, he just rushed off during the crisis. He was a more a manager where he carried out decisions made by others. He could not make anything better because he was not innovative enough to do so. Leading change Michael did not want to get involved in the Familys activities and happy to be a civilian. However when his father, Don Corleone was threatened and had many assassination attempts made on him, his brother Sonny killed and his elder brother deemed incompetent to lead, he had no choice but to take over the realm with Don Corleone as his advisor. He promised Kay before he married her that he would make the business legitimate in five years He planned to shift the familys operations to Nevada and soon after Clemenza and Tessio may sever and form their own families. Michael promised to make Connies husband his right lead man in Nevada. Hagen was removed and became the familys lawyer only; with Vito serving as the consigliere. Hagen complained about his status change and questioned Michael on the new command of defense force. Don Vito explained to Hagen that Michael was being counseled by him. Michael met with the casin

Explain how and why the meaning Essay

There are many terms used in respect to World Development, common terms include â€Å"Less Developed Countries†, â€Å"Third World† and â€Å"Developed Countries†. There is also the more recent and politically correct MEDC’s and LEDC’s, both being introduced as a sign of the growing awareness that poverty is not just about economic status. At one time it was strongly thought that a countries development was purely based on its wealth. This led to the North/South divide where the northern hemisphere was predominantly developed and the southern hemisphere mostly underdeveloped. This relationship can clearly be seen in the diagram below, the main exception to the rule being Australia and New Zealand. World GNP 1997 It was however suggested that these underdeveloped countries would follow a route of economic growth as illustrated by Rostow’s 1960 model. The model was based on a study of 15 mainly European countries, the main prospective being on industrialisation and economic position. The model proposes that a country can break the cycle of poverty and underdevelopment by following a succession of linear stages, five to be exact. Rostow’s Model of Economic Growth   Stage 1 – Traditional Society This stage of the model is dominated by subsistence economics where little if any productivity is consumed by those who produced it rather than being sold. Agriculture being the primary industry at this stage is produced with little capital and on a labour intensive basis. Stage 2 – Preconditions for Take-Off Also known as the transitional stage this is where people desire a higher standard of life and so change their aims and goals to increase production and begin to trade. This process can also be triggered by external sources where forces help to aid the transition. * Stage 3 – Take-Off Industrialisation dramatically increases with the population’s attention shifting from farming and agriculture to manufacturing. This effect is normally concentrated and leads to an improvement in infrastructure and the initiation of rural to urban migration. * Stage 4 – Drive to Maturity The economic growth spurred in stage 3 starts to spread across the country, there is also a multiplier effect where the amount and diversity of industry increases. The emphasis is now on technological advancement as rural populations and agriculture are further put in decline. * Stage 5 – High Mass Consumption Personal incomes grow and so the demand for tertiary industry intensifies. There will therefore be an increase in tertiary employment as manufacturing now begins to decline. Basic amenities are now common place and the country should have a stable infrastructure, political situation and a high GNP. Rostow’s model would require substantial investment in capital, unless there is external intervention it would be very difficult for a country to leave stage 1. Barke and O’Hare who themselves made a development model were the first to publicly reject the ‘Rostow’ model, in 1984 they argued that the model was too ‘Eurocentric’ expecting all countries to follow the west (America and Britain etc. ). They agreed that yes a country can and some already had passed through the 5 stages, but it is unlikely for a country to take off without structural and social change. Other criticisms of Rostow’s model include the model assuming all countries start off from the same level, and that it does not take into consideration the debt a country can gather from aid to help it transcend from stage 1 to 2. Africa is a perfect example of this, where the country’s debts have prevented it from further developing. By the 1990’s people were for the first time trying to redefine the term development, after the failure of the ‘Three World Model’ which was seen as an inappropriate way of viewing global development, the world bank identified and took up the challenge. They believed that development should not just be about economic growth but it should have a more multi-dimensional prospective, they believed that development was also the challenge to improve quality of life taking into account the following factors: – The right to a better education. – Individual/Political freedom. – More equality of opportunity. – Higher standards of health and nutrition. – Strong culture. This brought about three core values of development, sustenance, self-esteem and freedom to choose. This new prospective also resulted in many quotes, one that sums up this new way of thinking is by ‘Moorish’ written in 1998: â€Å"Development is not simply concerned with wealth, but with many other aspects of life such as health, education, housing and employment. † However, as much as people wanted countries to develop there was also great concern about the cost it was having on the environment to fuel this process, and so a new approach was introduced, a ‘greening’ of development. This meant that although a countries natural resources would still be needed for it to develop, it should be done so in a sustainable way as to not compromising the ability for future generations to meet their own needs. This ‘greening’ of development initiated numerous schemes such as in the Amazon Rain Forest, where for every tree that was to be cut-down another would be replanted. It is this sustainable approach to development that is still being implemented today, with concerns about global warming and a lack of crude oil to name but a few. Although Rostow explained the development of western countries well he failed to consider the different cultures and traditions each country has. As quoted by Mark Tully in 1993, â€Å"Development is more than mere economics†, he was right, it is about much more than that. Social, economic and political factors need to be taken into account for a true projection of how much a country really is developed, and so the new meaning of development is defined as, ‘the progressive improvements in the standards of living and quality of life for an increasing proportion of the population’.

Art Appreciation Essay

The Baroque period of art was from the 1600’s to the 1700’s. This period in art history began with the Catholic Church launching an internal reformation to establish clear definitions of the church’s theologies, as well as their doctrines. A sector of the church’s reform was to educate the members. One way in which this was accomplished was by the implementation of art. Religious art had to be redirected to present inspiration, persuasiveness, and evoke spiritual emotion. Three artist of the Baroque art period that made contributions were Michelangelo Merisi Caravaggio, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, and Peter Paul Rubens. Each of these artists created powerful religious images that were strong in their statements. In 1600, Michelangelo Merisi Caravaggio was commissioned to paint two portraits of Rome’s patroned saints, Peter and Paul (â€Å"Caravaggio: The Conversion on the Road to Damascus† n. d. ). Although, Caravaggio did not have a personal philosophy about art, he did however, created his art with the identical components that were evident in his personal character (â€Å"The National Gallery† n. d. ). His artworks were brimming with violence, arrogance, and rebellion, all of the elements that made for dramatic and controversial images. The image of ‘The Conversion of St. Paul’ was an outstanding representation of the actual moment when St. Paul was converted. It was stated in the Biblical book of Acts of Apostles that Paul had heard the voice of Christ and lost is sight temporarily. This oil painting portrays this act excellently. Paul is lying on is back stunned with his eyes closed after falling off the horse (Preble, 2011, p. 263). He is appearing as though he is in awe while his hands are in the air at the bright light Running Head: Baroque Works of Art from God that is streamed over the horse’s back. This particular piece had a significant meaning to the Roman Catholic Church to validate their theology. Being that the Michelangelo Merisi Caravaggio was sanctioned by Roman Catholic Church, his style of painting using chiaroscuro, with his usage of dark and light, worked well in accordance with his controversial style and ideology of religious/human experience, which most definitely made a spiritual impact on the viewer. ‘The Conversion of Paul’: By Michelangelo Merisi Caravaggio (1600) The pronounced artist and Italian architect, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, had developed a personal philosophy in regards to his style of art. He implemented sensuality, immorality, and spirituality in his statues. This type of personal philosophy is what led Bernini to have notoriety, particularly within the Roman society. Gian Lorenzo Bernini created the Baroque image ‘The Ecstasy of St. Teresa’ (1647-1652). This marble, gilt bronze, and stucco statue, which is located in the Cornaro Chapel in Rome, Italy, is a segment of her life that is derived from St. Teresa’s spiritual autobiography (Preble, 2011, p. 64). ‘The Ecstasy of St. Teresa’ is a depiction of a Running Head: Baroque Works of Art 3 cupid-like angel is standing over her, and piercing her heart with a fire gold tipped arrow/spear, this action sends Teresa into a state of spiritual euphoria. With her eyes closed, she is overwhelmed by the love of God and collapses. The statue is the centerpiece of a more complex composition. The artist, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, sculpted his vision for two specific reasons. The first was for the Cornaro family, and secondly, for the worshippers that were faithful. On every wall that is perpendicular to this centerpiece, are the impressions of members of the Cornaro family members witnessing the miracle. Due to its raw spiritual meaning, ‘The Ecstasy of St. Teresa’, displays a connection between Gian Lorenzo Bernini, and the Baroque period. This work of art is a definite statement to his mysticism and his departure from the Renaissance era. ‘The Ecstasy of St. Teresa’: by Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1647-1652) Peter Paul Ruben, Baroque Flemish painter, composed images that had religious epitaphs. Ruben’s became a baptized Catholic, after the death of his father (â€Å"Peter Paul Running Head: Baroque Works of Art 4 Ruben’s Biography† 2013 ). His emotionally filled paintings are rich with religion throughout his work. Peter Paul Ruben has a philosophy of religious themes that are very prevalent. Peter Paul Ruben’s, ‘The Raising of the Cross’ (1610-1611), is an embodiment of religion and spirituality (Preble, 2011, p. 265). It is currently located at the Antwerp Cathedral of Our Lady in Spain. The oil painting on canvas is a large triptych, which is completed in three separate sections. Peter Paul Ruben created this piece based on the crucifixion of Jesus Christ for the St. Walpurgis church in Antwerp (â€Å"Peter Paul Ruben’s Paintings and Biography† n. d. ). The Baroque style oil painting illustrates the cross on an angle as the nine soldiers are struggling to lift it. There is a dog that is located at the bottom left of the painting, it establishes this technique and skill he gathered from others. The painting is of Baroque style with its intense religious theme with a Flemish combination. ‘The Raising of the Cross’: by Peter Paul Reuben (1610-1611) Running Head: Baroque Works of Art 5  All three of these Baroque artistic pieces have qualities that are rather comparable. Each of these artists are excellent examples of the Baroque period because this was when the Roman Catholic Church made the decision, during Counsel of Trent which was also a response to the Protestant Reformation, that artists should convey emotional engagement, and produce religious themes. The Baroque style of architecture and art made for dramatic expressions of power and in addition to making lasting impressions. The two paintings, ‘The Conversion of St.  Paul’ and ‘The Raising of the Cross’ are prime examples of the Baroque period at work in art. Both of these images present clear representations of human emotion. They are symbolic of spiritual relevance. The two paintings are done in oil on canvas and are in Catholic sanctuaries and are highly influenced by the Renaissance period in art. The colors that are utilized are very suggestive of the realism of each event. The detailing of the images assists in creating an effect of action. Chiaroscuro is prevalent throughout each painting. This implementation provides a more dramatic appeal for the onlooker. The sculpture of ‘The Ecstasy of St. Teresa’ also shares common factors with ‘The Raising of the Cross’ and ‘The Conversion of St. Paul’. Not only does this statue have a depiction of a religious capacity, it makes a powerful spiritual statement. Although these works of art have similarities, they also have contrasts as well. One major contrast is that two of these three pieces are paintings and the other is a sculpture. The sculpture is marble with gilt bronze and stucco. ‘The Ecstasy of St. Teresa’, the marble statue, contains three divisions that work as one, whereas ‘The Raising of the Cross’ is in three sections as well, but each segment can stand alone as one individual art form. The form of the statue is very life-like and offers a tangible effect. Running Head: Baroque Works of Art 6 In conclusion the artists, Peter Paul Ruben, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, and Michelangelo Merisi Caravaggio made major artist achievements to the Baroque period. During the Baroque period, it was not the simplest task for the Catholic Church to launch a reformation. These artists made it possible for the church’s ideas and beliefs to be observed. All of the artists mentioned developed dramatic images that were direct, drew the viewer to the focal point of the piece, and depicted psychological and emotional intensity. When it came to the form of each art work presented here they had a dramatic use of color, significant contrasts with dark and light, and spectacular embellishment and decoration. The planes are also clearly defined, in addition to being isolated from each other. There is a continuation of overlapping of all of the elements. These works of art are superior representations of the Baroque period.

Interpersonal Communication Essay - 1935 Words

Interpersonal communication theories are interesting and compelling to read. They are astonishingly relatable to one’s everyday life. As one reads an interpersonal communication theory, he or she may find himself or herself thinking of instances in daily life and relationships that directly correspond with the theory. I found the theories to be eerily similar to how many people behave, communicate, and think with regards to interacting with one another. Interpersonal communication theories describe the communication between two or more individuals through verbal, non verbal, and written communication. I believe the theories are some of the easiest to comprehend perhaps due to the direct correlation with people’s lives. Through my own†¦show more content†¦The first, selective exposure, consists of avoiding information that is inconsistent with an individual’s beliefs or attitudes. An example of this hypothesis is spending time with people who share the same beliefs and are â€Å"like† oneself in order to prevent dissonance from inconsistent things. â€Å"A fear of dissonance would lead to a reluctance to take action—a reluctance to commit oneself† (Festinger 31). The second, post decision dissonance, occurs after a difficult decision and creates a need for reassurance. The importance, difficulty, and irreversibility of the decision increase the dissonance. Therefore, individuals seek reassuring information or people to reduce their inner dissonance. Lastly, minimal justification is a counter-attitudinal action leading to an attitudinal change. In other words, a minimal reward should be used to make an attitudinal change. This theory has proven very applicable to my life. In life, I tend to have a problem with making difficult decisions without continuously asking myself whether or not I have made the right one. These decisions range from using my time wisely to deciding where to attend college. The hypotheses selective exposure and post decision dissonance have provided greater insight into my behavior. With regards to selective exposure, I have the tendency to spend time with individuals who most likelyShow MoreRelatedInterpersonal Communication753 Words   |  4 PagesTitle Student’s Name COM200: Interpersonal Communication Instructor’s Name Date (Sample March 19, 2014) Introduction- Thesis Statement * If you’re having difficulties writing a thesis, use the thesis generator in the Ashford Writing Center - https://awc.ashford.edu/writing-tools-thesis-generator.html. Remember, a thesis should make a claim – a definitive statement – about some issue. Here is an example: Effective communication is the most important factor in a successful relationshipRead MoreInterpersonal Communication Essay952 Words   |  4 PagesI. 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We chose someone who we were just getting to know, and then others that we knew very well or that were very close to usRead MoreInterpersonal Communication1053 Words   |  5 PagesInterpersonal Communication Interpersonal communication is defined by Michael Cody as: the exchange of symbols used to achieve interpersonal goals(28). Does this definition include everything, or does it only include certain things?. When we are dealing with the issue of interpersonal communication we must realize that people view it differently. In this paper I will develop my own idea or definition of what interpersonal communication is. I will then proceed to identify any important assumptionsRead MoreInterpersonal Communication2332 Words   |  10 PagesAbstract Interpersonal communication is a form of communication involving people who are dependent upon each other and with a common history. There are various aspects of interpersonal communication that can be discussed. 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